Is Your Ear Ache Caused by Stress?

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I am often asked to examine an ear that has been hurting several days and is slowly getting worse. Usually there has not been any fever, no cold symptoms and no recent water in the ear. Many times the examination of the ear is normal. The only positive finding is pain to palpation just in front of the ear when the person opens their mouth.

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This is classic Temporomandibular Joint pain. The TMJ, as it is often called, is the attachment hinge for the lower jaw or mandible. When the joint is overused - too much gum, very chewy foods, prolonged dental procedures, injury, constant clenching of teeth during sleep - the joint and the tendons associated with the muscles that move the joint can become inflamed. This pain will manifest as an "ear ache".

How can this pain in or near the ear be caused by stress? Frequent clenching of the jaw is a habit of many people. Often this is a stress related problem that causes the person to bite on pens, pencils, or fingernails. This often happens during sleep also with grinding of the teeth, and clenching of the jaw. The joint itself may become inflamed along with the cartilaginous disc that pads the joint. The muscles and tendons that move the mandible become sore and ache. That can lead to not only ear ache but also headache. The person may experience swelling on the affected side and may hear clicking or grinding noises in the affected ear.

If other causes of pain and headache have been excluded, treatment consists of pain relief, behavior modification (to quit biting nails, pens, etc...) and consultation with a dentist. This condition can be a temporary aggravation or a major cause of morbidity. In this article I have covered only the highlights of diagnosis and therapy. You should consult your physician about questions and health problems you are experiencing.

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How to Start a 5K Race For a Charitable Cause in Your society

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If you are a runner or even a walker, you have seen varied advertisements for distinct 5K or 10K races in your area on many weekends. What many citizen do not realize, however, is that the majority of these races are put on to raise money for a single charity. This will chronicle what you need to do to start your own 5K race for charity from obtaining sponsors, to working with the town and police, all the way to the goody bags with a t-shirt and silicone wristbands or a silicone bracelet inside it.

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How is How to Start a 5K Race For a Charitable Cause in Your society

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The first step to beginning a race is picking a good location for it that will attract a lot of local citizen to it. citizen like to maintain local charities in their town and like it even more if it is a fun event too. Advent up with a clever fun name often is all it takes to attract people, believe it or not. One great example is the Flying Pig Marathon in Cincinnati. citizen love the funny name and all of the flying pig memorabilia and logos attached to it that they often sign up just for that reason.

Once you have a location and a name for your race, you need to pick a good date that will not compete with any other events on that same day. Some citizen choose a inevitable holiday to center their race colse to like a Jingle Bell Run in December or a Shamrock Shuffle on St. Patrick's Day. If the race is done well, citizen will sign up no matter what the time of the year is or the weather. Once the date is secured, you will need to get a permit to have the race from the town as well as secure help from police to make sure it will be safe for the runners and walkers.

Now it is time to secure sponsors and donations for the event. Top sponsors will be included in all advertisements for the race as well as displayed on the race t-shirt for everybody to see. Often local businesses want this advertisement as well as helping their society so it should not be too difficult to secure several sponsors. If a firm does not want to be a large sponsor they may want to donate items for the racers goody bag that may comprise coupons or products from their firm or other miniature items like pads of paper or drink cozies with their firm name on it. If the goody bag is exceptionally good, many runners will want to sign up for your race over others.

Good advertising for the event is the last step as well as securing many volunteers. Advertise with flyers, posters, on the internet, and on the local radio or Tv stations too. The more volunteers you have the best the race perceive for the participants. Even children can help hand out water at water stations and hand out medals to participants finishing the race. Having awards for top finishers is a nice touch too for the more competing runners.

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Dealing With Overpayments When Billing medical Claims

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Sometimes a provider is reimbursed too much money for the services provided which results in an overpayment. Sometimes the overpayment is made by the insurance carrier and sometimes it is made by the patient. In whether case, it is prominent that the overpayment be returned to the appropriate person or carrier.

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How is Dealing With Overpayments When Billing medical Claims

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If a inpatient pays more than they are required to the inpatient must be notified as soon as the overpayment is discovered. The overpayment can be applied to a future visit if the inpatient will be returning but only if the inpatient agrees to that. The provider can not just indefinitely hold onto the money.

An example would be if a inpatient came in for an office visit and paid a co-pay. The provider ends up removing a mole which is determined surgery and doesn't need a co-pay resulting in an overpayment. Once the office realizes the co-pay should not have been collected they can do one of two things.

1. Notify the inpatient of the overpayment. If the inpatient will be returning the office can recommend that they apply it as a prestige toward the next visit. If the inpatient doesn't want to apply it toward a future visit, the overpayment must be returned.

2. Send the inpatient a check for the overpaid whole with a note explaining the overpayment.

In any case a provider cannot just keep the overpayment. That is illegal.

If an insurance carrier makes an over cost it is prominent to first decree if it is truly an over payment. Call the carrier that made the overpayment and ask them to justify how they determined their cost whole and if they processed the claim correctly. If they confirm that they did make an overpayment they should reprocess the claim to show literal, cost and send a invite for the provider to return the overpayment.

Sometimes they will just ask the provider over the phone to return the overpayment. Personally I all the time ask them to invite the money back with a written explanation. When you receive the written invite for the overpayment attach a check for the overpayment to the invite and send it to the address indicated on the request. If they don't furnish an address send it to the claims address but indicate "Attn: Overpayments".

If you receive a cost from an insurance carrier and the entire cost is wrong or not rightfully due to the provider write "void" on the check and return it to the insurance carrier with an explanation of why the cost was not due. For example if the cost is for a inpatient that was not seen by the provider, write "void" on the check and attach a note saying "This inpatient was not seen in our office."

If they state during the call that they processed the claim correctly and that there was no overpayment then you need to decree if there truly was an overpayment. Sometimes a inpatient has two insurance plans. The original allows a inevitable whole and then makes cost Then the secondary processes the claim and allows a higher whole than the original insurance carrier which results in a prestige balance.

This is not truly an overpayment. The whole contractually adjusted off from the original insurance carrier was more than needed to be adjusted off based on the secondary insurance carrier's payment. Therefore there is not a true overpayment and no money needs to be returned. The patient's balance just needs to be adjusted to offset the credit.

Sometimes a patient's secondary insurance carrier is a confidentially purchased insurance. They do not all the time consequent the same guidelines as other insurance carriers. Many times they ignore the whole paid by the original and make cost as if no other insurance is complicated resulting in an overpayment. In this case the overpayment whole belongs to the inpatient since they purchased the other insurance plan. The provider cannot just keep the money. The provider cannot get more than he or she billed out for their services.

It is prominent that overpayments are not ignored. First decree if it is a true overpayment. If it is, decree who the overpayment needs to be returned to and then do what is needful to return it. Remember only prestige it to a future visit with the patient's permission

Copyright 2010 - Michele Redmond - Solutions healing Billing Inc

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Mumbai - City of Dreams

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The vibrant city of Mumbai is a natural first stop for visitors to India's western coast. "One could say that Mumbai is the New York of India," says Mumbai native Divya Abhat. "It's a place of big opportunities, big contrasts, and big energies... There is always something going on."

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How is Mumbai - City of Dreams

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Previously known as Bombay, the city was renamed Mumbai (derived from the goddess Mumba) in 1995 as part of a movement away from colonial names. The traditional cultural center of India, Mumbai is today a very modern city with world-class shopping, restaurants, and business areas. It is also home to Hollywood, the world's largest movie industry.

India is a complex country, culturally rich and diverse. If you visit India, be prepared for sensory overload; you will experience a culture of amazing depth and variety.

Five-star luxury can be enjoyed at Mumbai's Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, built in 1903 by Persian-Indian businessman Jamsetji Tata. According to local legend, Tata was not permitted to enter the finest British-managed hotel of that time, Wilson's, because of its policy of serving only European guests. In response, he established the Taj, with a promise that it would have the world's best service. Ever since, the Taj Mahal Palace has been listed among the world's top hotels. What about Wilson's? It's long gone.

Across the street from the Taj is the famous Gateway of India, an arch standing about 25 meters high. The monument was built to celebrate the visit to India of England's King George V and Queen Mary in 1911. Sellers and performers, including snake charmers, can be found in the surrounding busy park. At night, lit up by electric lights, the Gateway appeals to sightseers -- and lovers, too!

Just a one-hour ferry ride from Mumbai is the island of Elephanta. The island was named by the Portuguese, supposedly after a huge statue of an elephant that used to be there. It has amazing cave temples cut deeply into the rock, featuring sculptures preserved since the seventh century A.D.

Visitors leaving Mumbai can board their train at the Victoria Terminus (renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus). This remarkable station is said to have been India's largest construction project when it was built in 1888. An impressive mixture of British and Indian building styles, the station is preserved today as a World Heritage site.

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Princess Birthday Party - An Enchanting Birthday

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Once upon a time in a kingdom run by the most wonderful king and queen (you), there lived a beautiful princess (your child) who was preparing to celebrate her birthday.

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Then one night the princess had a dream and in her dream she wished for an enchanted princess birthday party.

The King and Queen wanted to make the princess's dream come true, so they planned a lovely party just to please their daughter.

With these enchanted princess birthday party ideas, your child's wishes and dreams will come true.

Imagine your little girl all dressed up in her royal princess costume, happily greeting her party guests as they arrive for her special celebration.

Invitations

I suggest the "royal treatment" for your special celebration announcements.

As the royal family, you may wish to send your invitations on parchment paper. When your invitation is ready to deliver, roll up the parchment paper and tie a bright red or purple ribbon around it.

Your royal wording might start off like this.

"Announcing a royal celebration"

"Once upon a time... As a royal subject, your presence is requested by the king and queen of the kingdom (your last name) to attend an enchanted Princess Birthday Party for her highness, princess (your child's first and last name) on the magical occasion of her (how old she will be) birthday."

"This royal celebration will be a princess costume party where all are invited to dress in their princess wardrobe. Our enchanted birthday party will take place on (day and date) and will begin at (time) with our celebration concluding at precisely (end time of your party)."

"The King and Queen request that all royal subjects planning to be in attendance, please RSVP by (day and date)."

"Her royal highness princess (your child's first name) looks forward to your attendance at her princess birthday party which promises to be an enchanting time for all."

"Our party will take place at the castle (families last name) located at (address).

Deliver Your Invitation

Here's a fun idea. Have someone in costume actually hand deliver your invitations. Imagine how surprised and delighted your party guests will be. And they'll know this party is going to be very special. What fun.

Royal Decorations

When decorating, the royal family always uses red, purple, pink, blue and white balloons. You can also find a number of excellent online party supply stores where you'll find all kinds of incredible decorations to brighten up your castle.

You can cover your ceiling in colorful helium balloons, and be sure to decorate your mail box and your front door to help your party guest locate your castle entrance. You might decorate your front door with a colorful balloon archway for your guests to walk under.

Princess Birthday Party - Games

Pin The Tiara On The Princess

Cut out a picture of a princess from a coloring book, or get a princess poster, then cut out some small paper tiaras that your guests can stick on the picture... Remember to put each child's name on their tiara.

Enchanted Musical Statues

Have your party guests move to the center of the room. Start playing some music related to your theme. Have your guests start moving and dancing around... Then stop the music and everyone has to freeze like a statues. Anyone who moves is out. Keep repeating this until only one person is left.

Royal Message Relay

Have all your guests sit in a circle. Have your birthday child think of a silly royal phrase or sentence. It might be a funny message for the king and queen... Your birthday child whispers the message to the guest on their right. That child whispers the message to the person on their right until the message travels all the way around the circle to the person sitting just to the left of your birthday child. That child then repeats the message out loud... Then the birthday child tells everyone what the original message was... Everyone gets a turn. The more the message gets mixed up, the more fun it is.

Princess Dress Up

Pick up some fun things like tiaras, mirrors, combs, boas, jewelry, long gloves and even high heels for the young ladies to play with.

And don't forget to take lots of still pictures and shoot lots of video.

Princess Birthday Party - Royal Food And Drink

May I suggest the following elegant finger foods be served.

Royal melon, served with tooth picks Finger sandwiches Carrot Sticks Grapes Celery sticks filled with peanut butter Purple, red or pink Jelly Beans Small crackers with cheese Cherries Royal orange slices Apple slices with caramel dip Strawberries dipped in chocolate

And for those thirsty moments:

Royal punch with sherbet ice cream and a taste of ginger ale Sparkling grape or apple drink Lemonade with strawberries

Princess Birthday Party

We hope your child's enchanted Princess Birthday Party is a big hit and that your child's birthday wishes and dreams do come true.

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Stone Retaining Walls - How to Clean Them

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Some population just don't' perceive what 'a prize' an old stone retaining wall is on their property. Instead of letting this piece of history fall into disrepair it should be maintained or even 'spruced up'! A thorough cleaning of an old stone retaining wall can bring the wall back to life and once again add charm to your yard and landscape.

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You have to be mean to clean! - Old stone walls have years of soot and mold buildup. These stains can be tough to take off depending on how deep the mold and soot has penetrated. There can also be fungus and algae growth, as well vines or ground cover rooting into the wall. So what to do? Well you do perceive that these parasites have to go! So let's get out the pressure washer and get ready for cleaning!

Use a medium size pressure washer - Is the pressure washer ready? Ok good... Now... Stop!! The worst thing that you can perhaps do at this point is to start the pressure washer and blow out all the joints with a high pressure spray!

In increasing if you begin clean the wall without the proper soaking, you will only drive the covering soot deeper into the walls pores by wicking action development it harder to clean... So hold your horses! No... The approach that I'm going to interpret to you is a microscopic more subtle and softer.

Ok. Now begin the cleaning process by first saturating the wall. This is achieved by moderately washing the wall down with a wide angle nozzle. Stand back from the wall maybe 3' - 4' and let the water flow over, colse to and run down the face of the wall.

Now your wall is fully soaked which will allow the detergent to drill deeper into the wall ideas lifting the soot and grime away. Also a saturated wall will keep the detergent from drying out prematurely allowing it ample time to perform its' function.

The trick is to use a market grade degreaser - Now apply a concentrated heavy degreaser buy from a market pressure cleaning contribute company. Do not dilute. Pour the detergent right from the pail into a orchad sprayer and begin to spray the wall. Make sure that every inch of wall is covered and try to keep a 'wet look' as you go. This degreaser will cost a few dollars but this is not the place to scrimp. If you want the wall cleaned buy the degreaser... Simple.

Now it looks even worse! - Ok, now the wall has been soaked and the degreaser applied, so what do you do? You wait. That's right... You wait.

After about 10 - 15 minutes the wall will start to turn dark amber then a dirty brown. You will see streaks of grime dripping down the face of the wall. The wall will look terrible and you'll be worried that you screw it up! That's good. As soon as you begin to feel that it's a hopeless cause and are ready to throw in the towel, you'll know that your work is almost done!

Now that the degreaser has had a opening to work by lifting the grime, it is time to agitate it just like a washing machine. Using your 15 degree nozzle begin to hit the wall with quick, random strokes and from top to bottom. You are not finding to saturate the wall this time. As you see the soap suds appearing from the pressure of the spray, move up and down the wall and saunter along its' length.

You may do this a merge of times along the length of the wall to get the deepest cleaning possible. This agitation will dilute the degreaser to a lower viscosity and generate soap bubbles that will lift the covering soot and grime away.

Ok... Now you can blow it away! - After the degreaser has been agitated you can now saunter to the final step of pressure washing the wall. Beginning where you first applied the degreaser you place your wand about 12" - 16" away from the face of the wall.

You clean by watching the soot lift from the wall as you move your nozzle from joint to joint and from stone to stone. You will see the soot and grime lift away as you saunter down the wall. If a section added along looks like it is drying out too swiftly then agitate again, to keep it wet until you can reach that section.

You will be amazed by how swiftly years of soot, grime, mold and debris wash away. Areas with stubborn stains may wish another application.

When you have closed you will step back in amazement! That old dingy wall will look new and refreshed and your job is complete. After all that hard work sit back and enjoy the charm your restored wall provides... After all you deserve to relax!

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Ten of the Most Famous Diamonds and Who Owns Them

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There are more than three hundred fifty named diamonds famous for their histories.

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The Cullinan, is the largest cut diamond in the world. It was found in South Africa and was named for the owner of the mining company. The Cullinan diamond was 3106 carats, and was cut into 105 stunning diamonds. The largest was named the "Star of Africa" and is 530 carats by itself. In 1907 this diamond was given to King Edward VII of England, and set into the Royal Scepter. It is kept, along with the other Crown Jewels, safely in the Tower of London.

The Cullinan II is 317.40 carats. The color is white and is the cushion-shaped diamond in the center-front of the Imperial State Crown of Great Britain. It is also in the Tower of London with the British Crown Jewels.

The Dary-i-Nur is 186 carats, is pink and is in the Iranian Treasury. It is the largest uncut diamond in the world. Its name means "Sea of Light".

The Dresden Green is 41 carats; it is green, and a very rare type ila diamond of extraordinary quality. It gets its name from the city of Saxony where it had been on display for 200 years. The Dresden Green is now on display at the Albertinium Museum in Dresden.

The Hope Diamond is 45.52 carats, is blue, and is in the Smithsonian Institute. According to legend, a curse was placed on the large, blue diamond after it was stolen from an idol in India. Whether you believe in curses or not, the diamond has had a fascinating past - it was owned by King Louis XIV, stolen during the French Revolution, sold to pay gambling debts, owned and worn almost daily by an American heiress, sold and worn to raise money for charity, and finally donated to the Smithsonian Museum.

The Hortensia is 20 carats, is peach colored and is in the Louvre. It is one of the crown Jewels of France, and was owned by Louis XIV. It was named after Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland, who was the daughter of the Empress Josephine, the stepdaughter of Napoleon Bonaparte and the mother of Napoleon III.

The Kohinoor is 108.93 carats, white and is located in the Tower of London. As with many of the most famous diamonds, there is a curse of death and destruction attached to it. Its name means "Mountain of Light" and legend has it that it actually comes from another diamond also rife with legend, called the "Great Mogul" which was said to have weighed 244 carats and mysteriously disappeared in 1665. The Kohinoor was owned by the first sultan of Mogul, and passed down through generations, until it was given to Queen Victoria. It was recut and now rests in the crown of Queen Elizabeth.

The Orloff is 189.62 carats. It is thought to have weighed about 300 carats when it was discovered. For a while, it was confused with the Great Mogul diamond. One of the legends of the Orloff is that it was set in the eye of a god statue in the temple of Sri Rangen, and stolen by a French soldier dressed up like a Hindu. He is said to have escaped by swimming down a raging river during a storm. It was eventually sold to Prince Gregory Orloff. In an attempt to win back her heart, he gave it to Catherine the Great, who collected lovers and precious gems with equal passion. She had the diamond mounted on top of the double eagle in the Imperial scepter. It is in the Russian Diamond Fund, Moscow.

The Spoonmaker Diamond has many legends associated with it. (It supposedly got its name when the owner--who is said to have found it sitting on top of a pile of garbage --bartered it to a spoonmaker for three wooden spoons.) More likely is that it was purchased by a Frenchman named Pikot, who bought it from the Maharajah of Madras in India. He took it to France, but was robbed. The diamond ended up at an auction, and was bid on by the notorious Casanova. It was finally bought by Napoleon's mother, Letizia Ramolino, who later sold her jewelry to help her son escape from Elba. It was bought again by an officer of Tepedelenli, and put into the treasury. When Tepedelenli was killed during a revolt, the entire treasury went to the Palace of Turkey, and the Spoonmaker's Diamond, now called the "Kasicki" is there.

The Taylor-Burton Diamond is a 69 carat pear-shaped white diamond that was originally called the "Cartier Diamond" after the jeweler paid ,050,000 for it at an auction. Richard Burton purchased it the day after the auction for Elizabeth Taylor. She later renamed it the Taylor-Burton diamond. Ms. Taylor wore the diamond publicly at a party for Princess Grace's 40th birthday party in Monaco. She sold the diamond in 1978 and used the funds to build a hospital in Botswana. The diamond was later purchased by Robert Mouawad.

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Doctor - Pediatrician Is a Children's Specialist

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When the time comes to find medical care for your kids, you need a children's doctor pediatrician. These physicians specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of childhood diseases. They also specialize in monitoring the growth and development of children. While a family practitioner can do this job, most parents prefer a specialist who understands and regularly works with kids.

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How is Doctor - Pediatrician Is a Children's Specialist

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There are many benefits to this type of doctor. Pediatrician specialists understand the best ways to deal with kids. They work with children on a daily basis, and they know how to relate to them and how to make medical procedures less scary. Their offices are typically more child-friendly than a general practitioner, with movies, coloring sheets, and play areas in the waiting rooms, activities in the examining rooms, and stickers or candy treats for children who behave well.

Another benefit of this type of specialist is the understanding and extra training they have as it relates to children's health. Children do not always manifest the same symptoms as adults, even when dealing with the same disease an adult may have. Pediatric cancers often appear quite different than adult cancers, and are also treated differently.

One of the biggest benefits of choosing a pediatrician is the fact that the physician will be a specialist in child development. Developmental problems, when caught early enough to get intervention, can usually be overcome, but a general practitioner may not know exactly what to look for to spot these problems early on.

One of the best sources to go to when looking for a new physician for your children is other parents you know. They will have strong opinions about the doctors they use or have used in the past. If you have particular concerns, such as an unwillingness to vaccinate your children or a child with an ongoing medical or developmental problem, find a physician that has experience with that issue or is in agreement with your parental choices.

If you do not have relationships with other parents in your area, or have a different parenting or medical philosophy than the ones you do know, turn to medical rating sites to find information about a particular doctor. Pediatrician specialists will be listed on these sites, which rate doctors based on patient care and credentials. Be sure you understand how the site rates doctors, and never choose a physician based entirely on information you find online. Instead, use this as a starting point, and then call the office to schedule an interview and meet the practitioner. Find out if the practitioner's philosophies match yours. If they do, and the practitioner has good ratings, you have likely found the right one for your kids.

Remember, your kids will see this medical professional until they turn 18, so take the time to find the right doctor. Pediatrician specialists will become lifetime friends and the experts you turn to when you are scared and have medical concerns for your most precious treasures - your children.

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Miss World - From 1951 to 2008

***Do you know about - Miss World - From 1951 to 2008

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How is Miss World - From 1951 to 2008

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1951 Under the leadership of Eric Morley, the United Kingdom was home to the Miss World Pageant, one of the most important beauty contests on the planet.

1952 The Second Annual Miss World Competition was held in London. Sweden 's perfomance at MissWorld started out very well! This Scandinavian country won the award two yearsin succession.

1953 Manel Illangakoon,MissCeylon -- Asia's best hope in the UK -- was third runner-up to Miss World Contest. In the early 1950s, Ceylon was one of three Asian nations to have compete in the beauty pageants on the planet. This Island became Sri Lanka on 22 May 1972 and has since competed under that name.

1954 Egypt's Antigone Constanda became the first non-European representative to be crowned Miss World. America's delegate Karin Hultman was first runner-up to Miss World, ahead of Efi Mela ( Grece ), Claudine Bleuse ( France ), Franke Waither ( Germany ) and Grete Hoffenbland ( Denmark ).

1955 Margaret Haywood, a "huge favorite", became the second American woman to be named finalist in the British capital.

1956 The United States placed second for the third time in a row.

1957 Japan's entrant qualified for the finalstwo years in succession.

1958 Five out of six finalists at Miss World were from Europe: Claudina Auger ( France ), Vinne Ingemann ( Denmark ), Gun Harriette Margareta Wagstrom ( Sweden ), Lucien Struve ( Holland ), and Eileen Sheridan ( UK ).

1959 Miss Rhodesia, Vivien Lendin, and Miss South Africa, Moya Meaker were semi-finalists. Rhodesia -- Zimbabwe since 1980 -- was not semi-finalist again until 1965.

1960 South Korea's contestant Young-hee Lee made the top 15 for the first time. Korea's qualification for the semi-finals was one of a number of surprises.

1961 Miss Spain Carmen Cervera was the first Spaniard to make the semi-finals. She also became the only Hispanic beauty queen to place among the finalists in 1961.

1962 Miss Japan, Teruko Ikeda, was fourth runner-up to Miss World Contest. Ikeda was one of the first Japanese delegates to be elected finalist.

1963 Liberia, a nation of ex-slaves, made the top 15 for the first time.

1964 The United Kingdom, the host country, was the winner for the second time. Apart from that, Helen Joseph became Montserrat's first and only semi-finalist. Montserrat is a tiny Island on the Caribbean Sea.

1965 Eight out of fifteen semi-finalists at Miss World were from Europe :Lesley Langley ( UK /winner ), Gladys Waller ( Ireland ), Ingrid Kopetzky ( Austria ), Yvonn Ekman ( Denmark ), Faija Marja Salminen ( Finland ), Christine Sibellin ( France ), Karin Schutz ( Germany ), and Britt Marie Lindblad ( Sweden ).

1966 Miss Yugoslavia, Nikica Marinovic, was allowed to compete at Miss World, where she almost pulled off a major shock. Nikica was first runner-up! What could have happened if Yugoslavia -- a Communist nation -- had won this contest? During Cold War, Yugoslavia was one of only four Communist nations to compete in London, along with Czechoslovakia ( 1967, 1969, 1989 ), Bulgaria (1988), and Poland (1983-89 ).

1967 Peru's Miss World Madeleine Hartog-Bell, once a fashion model in Paris, went on a peace mission to South Vietnam, alongside other names like Bob Hope ( actor ), Barbara McNair ( performer ) and Raquel Welch Tejada ( actress ).

1968 For the first time, Miss USA did not advance past the first round.

1969 Marcela Britanarova was allowed to leave Czechoslovakia, a Communist nation, for a trip to London, where competed for the Miss World title. In Britain, shequalified for the second round.

1970 Breaking with the tradition of the previous two decades, a black representative, exactly Jennifer Hosten ( Grenada's contestant ), won the global trophy. The victory set off a frenzy of celebrations on Grenada, one of the world's ten smallest nations.

1971 Guyana, Britain's last colony on the South American mainland, made the top 15 for six years in succession.

1972 Mexico's representative Gloria Gutierrez became the only Latin American beauty queen to place among the semi-finalists.

1973 Two out of five finalists at Miss World were from Asia: Miss Philippines, Evangeline Pascual ( 1st runner-up ) and Miss Israel ( 3rd runner-up ). Apart from that, Sylvia Ohannesian was the first Lebanese woman to be a semi-finalist at Miss World.

1974 America's entrant Terry Ann Browning finished fifth.

1975 Yugoslavia, the only "Communist competitor" in London, qualified for the second round and then placed seventh.

1976 Jamaica's entrant Cindy Breakspeare won the British award. For political reasons, many countries boycotted the 1976 Miss World. The explanation given by these countries, among them Yugoslavia and India, was that they objected to South Africa's participation in England.

1977 Once again, politics played a major role in this international contest. Surprisingly, Jamaica did not defend its Miss World title. Why? It boycotted this event to protest the inclusion of South Africa.The country's Head of Government Michael Manley, an admirer of Cuba's dictator Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz, refused to allow Jamaica to compete in Britain.The Island was joined by India, Indonesia, Liberia, Malaysia, Mauritius, Philippines, Singapore, Swaziland, and Yugoslavia.

1978 Was Argentina the heavy-favorite for the Miss World title? No, it wasn't. But, Silvana Suarez, Argentina's representative, won the crown. Apart from that, South Africa was banned from competition because of its government's racist policies. However, Jamaica returned to London after participating in the African-led boycott of the Miss World Pageant.

1979 Seven out of fifteen semi-finalists at Miss World were from Latin America / Caribbean:Gina Swaisson ( Bermuda ), Debbie Campbell ( Jamaica ), Lea Silva Dall Acqua ( Brazil ), Roselina Rosas ( Mexico ), Lorlei de la Ossa ( Panama ), Marlene Coggins ( Trinidad & Tobago ) and Laura Rodriguez ( Uruguay ).

1980 Was Israel the big favorite for the Miss World trophy? Yes, it was. But, Miss Israel, Anat Zimmerman, did not win the award. Apart from that, Bermuda, which won the global pageant in the previous year, made the top 15 in the British capital.

1981 Venezuela's Miss World, Pilin Leon, the tallest delegate at MW '81 , visited Caracas, where she ,a former volleyball player, was given heroine's welcome.

1982 Miss Trinidad & Tobago, Aretha Ingrind Rocke, was labeled as the"Cleopatra of the Caribbean" by the press for public comments about her exotic face. She -- the country's most beautiful women since Janelle Penny Commissiong -- was a "huge favorite" to win the international award in 1982.

1983 Welcome to England.Miss Malaysia Michelle Yeoh --today one of Asia's most famous actresses -- did not even make the semi-finals, but she saw this global contest as a great learning experience.

1984 Perhaps the most notable "Miss World anecdote" for Bolivia wasprovided by Erika Wyesse, a spectacular blonde. Bolivia's beauty queen Erika Wyesse was criticized by animal rights activists, when a photo of her wearing an "ocelot coat" was published in London. Unfortunately, the ocelot is an endangered animal on Earth, including Bolivia.

1985 The United States won the Miss Americas title for the first time other than Venezuela, Colombia and the Dominican Republic. Miss USA World, Brenda Denton, defeated Jamaica's Alison Jane Barnett, the heavy press favorite in the British capital. In addition to her continental prize, Denton was second runner-up in Miss World.
1986 Five out of seventy-seven entries at Miss World were from Oceania: Australia, Guam, New Zealand, Tonga, and Western Samoa.

1987 For the first time in several years, Miss United Kingdom, host country, failed to make into the semi-finals. However, Hong Kong became the only British colony in the second round of the Miss World Competition. In addition to making the top 12, Miss Hong Kong, Pauline Yeung, now a famous actress in Asian film industry, became "Miss Asia".

1988 California's Diana Magaña, 1st runner-up to Miss USA 1988, made the top ten.

1989 Moscow,USSR. Iceland's Linda Petursdottir was the first Miss World to visit USSR /Soviet Union ( present-day Russia ).

1990 The Miss World title went toGina Marie Tolleson ( America ). Tolleson, who placed as first runner-up in Miss USA 1990, became the second U.S. delegate to win that title since the British event first began in the 1950s.

1991 France made the top ten for the first time since 1980, when Patricia Barzyk was second runner-up.

1992 For the first time in its history,Russia, a Marxist country 14 months ago, captured the Briton award. Meanwhile, Miss America, Sharon Belden, was called among the semi-finalists.

1993 The Miss World Pageant went toJamaica -- which is slightly larger than the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Since it became a sovereign country, a former British dependency, in 1962, the Caribbean Island has won three Miss World titles.

1994 The new star of India, Aishwarya Rai, was crowned Miss World and years later she became a famous actress. Aishwarya Rai has appeared on screen with some of the biggest names in Hollywood and Bollywood, including Nandita Das, Martin Henderson, and Ben Kingsley.Some pageant experts believe that she is "one of the most beautiful girls of the world".

1995 With gubernamental help, among them Nelson Mandela, and the enthusiastic support of the South African people, Sun City hosted the pageant. For the first time in several years, the States was eliminated in the preliminaries.

1996 Bangalore, India. Nine countries and one dependency qualified for the award: Greece ( winner ), Colombia ( 1st runner-up ), Brazil ( 2nd runner-up ), Venezuela ( finalist ), India ( finalist ), Dominican Republic, Aruba, Mexico, South Africa, and Belgium. Surprisingly, the States did not advance past the first round.

1997 Miss World was held in Seychelles ( Africa ). It was indeed an opportunity for the entries to visit one of the world's most stunning and beautiful beaches. The elimination of Latin America, from Argentina to Venezuela and the American Virgin Islands, from the second round shocked many pageant experts.

1998 Miss Israel, Linor Abargil, captured the international award -- she won the country's only Miss World title that decade and century. In addition to this title, Israel has had several semi-finalists and finalists: 1956 ( 2nd runner-up ), 1957 ( semi-finalist ), 1959 ( 2nd runner-up ), 1960 ( 1st runner-up ), 1962, 1967 ( 3rd runner-up ), 1968 ( 2nd runner-up / favorite ), 1969, 1970 ( 2nd runner-up ), 1972 ( 2nd runner-up ), 1973 ( 3rd runner-up ), 1974 ( fourth runner-up ), 1976, 1980 ( 2nd runner up / favorite ), 1983, 1984, 1985, 1992, and 1995 ( 3rd runner-up ).

1999The 49th Annual Miss World Contest was held in London ( finals ) and the Maldives Islands ( swimsuit photo shoot ). Miss India was the winner; it has had two titleholders from 1965 to 1994.

2000 There were several surprises: Kazajstan's representative Margarita Kravtsova and Uruguay's entrant Katja Tomsen had qualified for the second round. Tomsen, who speaks English, Spanish and Italian, was also crowned Miss Americas.

2001 The Indian dynasty in Miss World, with three global awards from 1997 to 2000, ended this year after it failed to qualify for the second round.The People's Republic of China was represented for the first time at a Miss World Contest; China's delegate finished fifth.Astonishingly, Carrie Ann Stroup did not even make the semis in South Africa. According to Ladbrokes, Stroup, Miss America, was a "huge favorite" to win the international crown, ahead of Christianne Balmelli ( Chile ), Sara Corner ( India ), and Andreina Prieto ( Venezuela ). The USA had won the award twice, in 1973 and 1990.

2002 Turkey's beauty queen was elected Miss World. She brought home her country's first ever Miss World. For the first time, there were 20 semi-finalists: Nigeria, Holland, Colombia ( 1st runner-up ), Puerto Rico, China, Yugoslavia, Russia, Peru ( 2nd runner-up ), Norway, Vietnam, India, Curacao, Aruba, Australia, Philippines, Bosnia Herzegovina, Italy, Venezuela and the United States.

2003 Miss World, Rosanna Davison was hand-picked by a top-class international jury, including Candace Bushnell ( author ), Jackie Chan ( actor ), Pradeep Guha ( journalist ), and Gustavo Gianetti ( model ). Davidson was a big favorite after the preliminaries. Prior to Ireland 's victory, it did not advance past the second round since 1990.

2004 Miss USA, Nancy Randall, made the top Three. In China, Randall became the second black American to be named semi-finalist in Miss World. She hails from Brazil.

2005 Iceland - the most sparsely populated country on the continent of Europe - won its third global title. Curiously it has more MW awards than any country aside from India ( 5 ), Venezuela ( 5 ) and the United Kingdom ( 4 ). "Miss World went to Unnur Birna Vilhjalmsdottir " was the headline in newspapers in Iceland, an Island in the North Atlantic near the Arctic Circle.

2006 Was Miss Venezuela, Federica Guzman Diamante, the heavy favorite for the Miss World trophy? Yes, she was. But, unfortunately, Venezuela did not win the international pageant. Guzman Diamante -- a television hostess - failed to make into the finals. Despite its historical success in countless contests, Venezuela has not won a MW award since 1995.

2007 In fairness to thePeople's Republic of China, the birthplace of the beauty contests on Earth, Zhang Zi-lin , a native of Beijing, became Miss World 2007. Miss China was also the second beauty queen from a Communist nation -- after Poland in 1989 -- to win the European prize. Zhang, an ex hurdler, was the number one favorite for the crown, alongside other names like Ada Aimee de la Cruz, Miss Dominican Republic, and Jugita Jurkute, Miss Lithuania.For the fourth time, the event was held in a Marxist country. China -- with one of the most fervent beauty contests followers in Asia -- became the 33rd country to win the global award.

2008 Johannesburg ( South Africa ). The new star of Russia, Kseniya Vladimirovna Sukhinova, was chosen Miss World. Miss Russia beat 109 other entries in the pageant. She, the heavy press favorite, became the first Russian woman to win Miss World since Yulia Kurochkina in 1992.

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How to pick a original Care victualer

Primary Care Providers - How to pick a original Care victualer.
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Primary Care Providers! Again, for I know. Ready to share new things that are useful. You and your friends.

Primary Care Physicians (Pcps) contribute primary medical care services to patients on a quarterly basis. They diagnose and treat illness, achieve habit bodily examinations and refer patients to a specialist if necessary. They help you to verbalize and promote health and in order to prevent avoidable visits to an urgent care centre or hospital emergency room, thereby saving unnecessary time and costs for immediate medical care and out of pocket co-pays. Pcps fall into four specialties: house convention Specialists (treat patients of all ages), Internal treatment Specialists (treat adults), Obstetricians/Gynecologists (treat women, particularly pregnant women), and Pediatricians (treat children).

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How is How to pick a original Care victualer

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In general, a Pcp is a primary medical Care victualer that helps you stay salutary and helps you avoid unexpected health problems. Hence, it is indispensable to select a Pcp with whom you can talk freely and confidently about your health issues.

Determine your needs
It is foremost to select a primary Care doctor based on your current health and personal needs. The following questions will help you to rule your needs.
• Does your health health need a doctor in particular specialized field?
• Should the Physician's office be closer to your home or to your work?
• Do you prefer a doctor who speaks a definite language?
• Do you want a doctor who can be reachable anytime?

Choose a Pcp
Based on your needs, find primary Care Physicians that fit your criteria by request your health insurance company, your former doctor or friends, neighbors and family. Before selecting the Pcp, you can call or visit the doctor's office and obtain following information:
• Is the doctor board-certified, trained and experienced?
• Where did the doctor attend medical school?
• Where did the doctor achieve his or her residency?
• Does the doctor accept your insurance and is he or she accepting new patients?
• Are the Physician's office hours and location favorable for you?
• How long will it take to get an appointment and how long is an midpoint wait time to see the Physician?
• Who provides medical care while after hours or when the doctor is on vacation?
• What hospitals is the doctor affiliated with?
• What should you do if you have an emergency?

Review the Pcp
After your first appointment, you can make a decision whether or not to continue with the primary Care doctor based on the following factors:
• Is the office staff friendly?
• Are you comfortable with the doctor and the staff?
• Did the doctor retell well?
• Did the doctor ask questions about your health history?
• Did the doctor listen to you and riposte your questions clearly?
• Did the doctor treat you with respect?
• Did the doctor spend adequate time with you?

If you are satisfied with the physician, you may have found someone to take care of your health for decades.

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Kochi - The Queen of the Arabian Sea

***Do you know about - Kochi - The Queen of the Arabian Sea

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Introduction:

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How is Kochi - The Queen of the Arabian Sea

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Kochi also known by its anglicized name Cochin is located in Kerala, the southern State in India. It is the second largest city in Kerala after the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. It is located in the district of Ernakulam and about 220 kilometers (137 miles) far from the capital. With the largest urban agglomeration in the state, the city has always been one of the principal seaports of the country. Heralded as the Queen of Arabian Sea, Kochi was an important spice trading centre on the Arabian Sea coast since the 14th century. Kochi merchants began trading in spices such as black pepper and cardamom more than 600 years ago. In many ancient scriptures and history books based on Kochi, one finds that ancient travelers and tradesmen frequented the city from time immemorial including the Arabs, British, Chinese, Dutch, and Portuguese, who came here mainly for the purpose of trade have left indelible marks on the history and development of Cochin. Many of these groups went on to reside in the city for sometime before migrating away to other lands. Kochi thus has been a cultural melting pot due to successive waves of migration both within India and from outside over the course of several millennia. The pan-Indian nature is highlighted by the substantial presence of various ethnic communities from different parts of the country and many people including Anglo-Indians who are products of cross-breeding with foreigners. The city once had a large Jewish community, known as the Malabar Yehuden-and now referred to as Cochin Jews. The nos. of this group has dwindled and the foreign blood has been substantially diluted with local marriages. Retaining the Jewish knack for business, this group has figured prominently in Kochi's business and economic strata.

Over the years, Cochin has emerged as the commercial and industrial capital of Kerala and is perhaps the second most important city on the west coast of India (after Mumbai). Cochin has a world class port and international airport that links it to many major cities worldwide. Its strategic importance over the centuries is underlined by the reference-Gateway to Kerala. Kochi is a prosperous city and also known as the financial capital of Kerala. Surrounded by the Western Ghats on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west, it is a breathtakingly beautiful and scenic land. Kochi one of the best places to travel and it also boasts of hundreds of islands, some even uninhabited. This important and beautiful port city been rated as the top three tourist destinations by the World Travel & Tourism Council and featured in National Geographic Traveler's '50 greatest places of a lifetime'.

Kochi has a lot of remnants from the past still clinging on. As European a city as one can find in India, it has Fort Cochin built by the Portuguese on an island offshore that seems to be pulled straight out of the 16th century with narrow, winding, canal-lined streets, 500 year-old Portuguese houses, cantilevered Chinese fishing nets lining the northwest shore of the island, a 16th century synagogue surrounded by 'Jew Town,' which was once home to the flourishing Indian Jewish population, the oldest church in India and a palace that was built by the Portuguese, renovated by the Dutch, and eventually was given to the Indian Raja of Cochin. The most famous symbol of Kochi is the row of Chinese fishing nets at the mouth of the harbor leading to the Arabian Sea in Fort Kochi, the oldest part of the city. In Ernakulam, where modernity has ushered in skyscrapers and shopping malls, the old quarter -- the Fort Kochi area and Mattancherry area -- maintains a colonial air and has building that have been designated as a part of Kochi's heritage. Vasco House in Fort Kochi located on Rose Street, is believed to be one of the oldest Portuguese houses in India. Vasco da Gama is believed to have lived here. This house features European glass paned windows and verandahs. Da Gama reached India in the autumn of 1524, but he died in Kochi only three months after his arrival. Even in death, Da Gama remained a traveller. Though his remains were removed from Kochi and buried in Goa, it was subsequently removed and sent to Portugal to be interred in the Church of Vidigueira. However, the coffin remained there until 1880, and it was finally transferred to a marble sepulcher in the church of the Monastery of the Jerónimos at Belém, outside Lisbon. Kochi had the honour of hosting the great explorer-colonist and the fact that his final exploration of another world began here associated the city with him forever. Despite the forward march of modernity, the city retains its distinct colonial heritage and is a lovely blend of tradition and modernity.

Etymology:

Etymologically, many theories exist pertaining how Kochi derived its name. Ancient travellers and tradesmen referred to Kochi in their writings, variously alluding to it as Cocym, Cochym, Cochin, and Cochi. According to some accounts, traders from the court of the Chinese ruler Kublai Khan gave Cochin the name of their homeland. The Chinese connection seem to obvious from the trademark fishing nets prevalent in the area known as china-vala or Chinese nets. Another theory is that Kochi is derived from the word Kachi meaning 'harbor'. Accounts by Italian explorers Nicolo Conti (15th century), and Fra Paoline in the 17th century say that it was called Kochchi, named after the river connecting the backwaters to the sea. After the arrival of the Portuguese, and later the British, the name Cochin stuck as the official appellation. The city reverted to a closer Anglicization of its original Malayalam name, Kochi, in 1996. However, it is still widely referred to as Cochin, with the city corporation retaining its name as Corporation of Cochin.

Geography:

Kochi is located on the southwest coast of India at 9°58?N 76°13?E? /?9.967°N 76.217°E? / 9.967; 76.217, spanning an area of 94.88 square kilometers (36.63 sq mi). The city is situated at the northern end of a peninsula, about 19 kilometers (12 mi) long and less than one mile (1.6 km) wide. To the west lies the Arabian Sea, and to the east are estuaries drained by perennial rivers originating in the Western Ghats. Much of Kochi lies at sea level, with a coastline of 48 km. This lovely seaside city is flanked by the Western Ghats on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west. Its proximity to the equator, the sea and the mountains provide a rich experience of a moderate equatorial climate. It is separated into numerous distinct areas particularly close to each other. These include the mainland areas of Ernakulam City (where the train stations to the rest of India leave and arrive), Willingdon Island, Fort Kochi (the primary tourist enclave), Mattancherry, Kumbalangi and outlying islands. These distinct neighborhoods arose as the result of a mixed past.

Brief History:

The port city of Kochi has a very colorful and rich history. The city occupies a very strategic position geographically, being flanked by the Western Ghats on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west. Cochin's trade links with Chinese and the Arabs is reputed to be at least 2000 years old. Christianity in this city dates back to the apostle Thomas, who, as tradition holds and evidence suggests, landed in India in AD 54 to spread the Gospel. Kochi was the centre of Indian spice trade for many centuries, and was known to the Yavanas (Greeks) as well as Romans, Jews, Arabs, and Chinese since ancient times. The earliest documented references to Kochi occur in books written by Chinese voyager Ma Huan during his visit to Kochi in the 15th century as part of Admiral Zheng He's treasure fleet. There are also references to Kochi in accounts written by Italian traveller Niccolò Da Conti, who visited Kochi in 1440.

It may be said to have originated as an important port in 1341 AD when the flooded Periyar River destroyed a world-renowned port, at Kodungallur, just north of Cochin and created an all-new harbor in Cochin, which is today one of the finest natural harbors on the West coast of India. Cochin's busy port assumed a new strategic importance and began to experience commercial prosperity after the flood. The Portuguese penetrated the Indian Ocean in the late 15th century. Vasco da Gama, discoverer of the sea route to India, established the first Portuguese factory (trading station) there in 1502, and the Portuguese viceroy Afonso de Albuquerque built the first European fort in India there in 1503. It was the first European fort in India. The British settled here in 1635 but were forced out by Dutch in 1663, under whom the town became an important trade center. It came under the sovereignty of Haider Ali, the militant prince of Mysore in 1776, but was surrendered by his son Tipu Sahib to the British in 1791.

There is also evidence pointing to the presence of Jews since at least AD 388. Legend holds that the Jews first settled in India during the time of King Solomon, when there was trade in teak, ivory, spices and peacocks between the Land of Israel and the Malabar Coast, where Cochin is located. Others put their arrival at the time of the Assyrian exile in 722 BC, the Babylonian exile in 586 BC or after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 BC. No reliable evidence exists, but most contemporary scholars fix the date at some time during the early middle Ages. The earliest documentation of permanent Jewish settlements is on two copper plates now stored in Cochin's main synagogue. Engraved in the ancient Tamil language, they detail the privileges granted a certain Joseph Rabban by Bhaskara Ravi Varma, the fourth-century Hindu ruler of Malabar.

The earliest account of Kochi is derived from the records made by the Chinese traveler, Ma Huan. Even in other documents belonging from the same period, the account of Cochin history prior to the Portuguese rule is quite vague. As per the available information, the city gained its reputation of being a port city only after the collapse of the Kulashekhara kingdom. In 1102 CE, Kochi became the seat of the Kingdom of Cochin, a princely state which traces its lineage to the Kulashekhara Empire. According to many historians, it came into existence in 1102, after the fall of the Kulashekhara Empire. The King of Kochi had authority over the region encompassing the present city of Kochi and adjoining areas. The reign was hereditary, and the family that ruled over Kochi was known as the Cochin Royal Family (Perumpadappu Swaroopam in the local vernacular). The mainland Kochi remained the capital of the princely state since the 18th century. However, during much of this time, the kingdom was under foreign rule, and the King often only had titular privileges.

Occupied by the Portuguese in 1503, Fort Kochi was the first European colonial settlement in India. It remained the capital of Portuguese India until 1530, till they opted for Goa as their capital. This Portuguese period was a harrowing time for the Jews living in the region, as the Inquisition was active in Portuguese India. The time during which Cochin was under the Portuguese rule is very interesting. It is said admiral, Pedro Cabral was sent by the Portuguese king to set up a factory at the city. The Raja of Cochin succumbed to the demand of the admiral predominantly to negate the Zamorins who ruled the Malabar region. Zamorins were the dominant power in the region and was constantly breathing down the neck of the King of Raja for political influence within the Kochi Kingdom. With the arrival of Vasco Da Gama, peace was made with the Zamorins after which the Portuguese built Fort Manuel to protect their factory from any sort of attack. Once the Portuguese shifted their capital to Goa, their strategic intent shifted from Kerala and was centered on it.

The Portuguese rule was followed by that of the Dutch, who had allied with the Zamorins in order to conquer Kochi. The Dutch rule over Cochin lasted from 1663 to 1795. They defeated the Portuguese and disposed the Cochin Raja. After landing confidently at Njarakal, they went on to seize the Pallipuram fort, which they later gave to the Zamorins. Cochin prospered under the Dutch rule by shipping pepper, cardamom and other spices, coir, coconut, and copper. In between by 1773, Kochi has slipped into the hands of the Mysore King Hyder Ali extended his conquest in the Malabar region and briefly forced Kochi to become a tributary of Mysore. Later the authority was recaptured by the Dutch. They fearing an outbreak of war on the United Provinces signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 with the United Kingdom, under which Kochi was ceded to the United Kingdom in exchange for the island of Bangka. However, there are evidences of English habitation in the region even prior to the signing of the treaty. The port city of Cochin had become highly developed during the time of the British rule in India In 1866, Fort Kochi became a municipality, and its first Municipal Council election was conducted in 1883. The Maharaja of Cochin, who ruled under the British, in 1896, initiated local administration by forming town councils in Mattancherry and Ernakulam. In 1925, Kochi legislative assembly was constituted due to public pressure on the state.

Conclusion:

Many written accounts clearly state that Cochin was invaded by foreigners and colonized many times. The king remained the titular head. The pungent smell of pepper and fragrances of other spices beckoned the invaders. The intra-struggles between the dominant powers of Kerala resulted in the weakening of its politico-military institutions and resulted in the dominance by the colonial powers. Religion was also liberally used to consolidate colonial hold resulting in numerous conversions primarily by the European powers and to Islam by Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. These conversions resulted in a fragmentation of the native mind and this enabled the erstwhile powers to continue their exploitation of the natural resources of the state as well as its manpower.

Contemporary Kochi:

In 1949, Travancore-Cochin state came into being with the merger of the erstwhile Cochin and Travancore states. Travancore-Cochin was in turn merged with the Malabar district of the Madras State. Finally, the Government of India's States Re-organisation Act (1956) inaugurated a new state - Kerala - incorporating Travancore-Cochin (excluding the four southern Taluks (smaller administrative unit) which were merged with the contemporary state of Tamil Nadu), Malabar District, and the taluk of Kasaragode, South Kanara. On 1 November 1967, exactly eleven years since the establishment of the state of Kerala, the corporation of Cochin came into existence. The merger leading to the establishment of the corporation, was between the municipalities of Ernakulam, Mattancherry and Fort Kochi, along with that of the Willingdon Island, four panchayats (Palluruthy, Vennala, Vyttila and Edappally), and the small islands of Gundu and Ramanthuruth.

A growing centre of shipping industries, international trade, and tourism and information technology, Kochi is the commercial hub of Kerala, and one of the fastest growing second-tier metros in India. Kochi's economic growth was accelerated after the introduction of economic reforms in India by the central government in the mid-1990s. Since 2000, the service sector has revitalized the city's stagnant economy. The establishment of several industrial parks based on Information technology (IT) and other port based infrastructure triggered a construction and realty boom in the city. Over the years, Kochi has witnessed rapid commercialization, and has today grown into the commercial capital of Kerala.

Kochi is now a major destination for IT and ITES companies, ranked by NASSCOM as the second-most attractive city in India for IT-based services. Availability of cheap bandwidth through undersea cables and lower operational costs compared to other major cities in India has been turned to its advantage. Various technology and industrial campuses including the government promoted Info Park, Cochin Special Economic Zone and KINFRA Export Promotion Industrial Park operate in the outskirts of the city.

Kochi is the headquarters of the Southern Naval Command, the primary training centre of the Indian Navy. The Cochin Shipyard in Kochi is the largest shipbuilding facility in India. The Cochin fishing harbor, located at Thoppumpady is a major fishing port in the state and supplies fish to local and export markets. To further tap the potential of the all-season deep-water harbor at Kochi, an international cruise terminal and several marinas are being constructed.

Exports and allied activities continue to be important contributors to the city's economy. Kochi's historical reliance on trade continues into modern times, as the city is a major exporter of spices and is home to the International Pepper Exchange, where black pepper is globally traded. The Spices Board of India is also headquartered in Kochi. The Cochin Port currently handles export and import of container cargo at its terminal at the Willingdon Island. A new international container transshipment terminal-the first in the country-is being commissioned at Vallarpadam, which is expected to be play a vital role in India's economic aspirations.

Kochi also has an oil refinery-the Kochi Refineries (BPCL) at Ambalamugal. Central Government establishments like the Coconut Development Board, the Coir Board and the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) have head offices located in the city.

Highlights of Kochi:

Willingdon Island: Towards the early 20th century, trade at the Kochi port had increased substantially, and the need to develop the port became necessary. The English harbor engineer Robert Bristow was brought to Kochi in 1920 under the direction of Lord Willingdon, then the Governor of Madras. In a span of 21 years, he transformed Kochi as one of the safest harbors in the peninsula. This man-made island was created in 1933 by sand dredged while deepening the backwaters for the Cochin Port, under the direction of Sir Robert Bristow. A while back the Airport, Sea port and the railway terminus (Cochin Harbor Terminus) were situated on this island. Today, it is the home of the Cochin Port and the headquarters of the Southern Naval Command.

Marine Drive: A stroll along the long tree-lined coastal pathway that lines the backwater is well worth the time spent, especially late afternoon or dusk. The bustling backwaters, dotted with fishing boats, speedboats, ships, tankers and passenger boats, can be observed from this walkway that lines the coast. The greatest pleasure is to stand and watch when the monsoon lashes Kerala-it's a awesome sight by itself.

Cherai Beach: This lovely beach ideal for swimming is located on the north end of Vypeen island, one of the many small islands just off the mainland. The beach is lined by gorgeous coconut groves and paddy fields. Vypeen can be reached by land or by boat.

Parikshith Thampuran Museum: The Kings of Cochin used to conduct their durbars (grand banquets) in this impressive building located within the Durbar Hall grounds. It was later converted to a museum which has a treasure trove of archaeological findings and relics including old coins, sculptures, oil paintings and murals. The building has been taken over by the Kerala Lalitha Kala Academy and now houses the Gallery of Contemporary Art. All the royal exhibits of the museum have been moved to the Hill Palace museum.

Museum of Kerala History, Kalamassery: The museum takes visitors mainly through the anthropological and cultural history of the geographical unit called Kerala. In line with modern techniques, it has on display spectacular audio-visual exhibits depicting the history and culture of Kerala along with many life size statues of ancient tribal people, famous personalities and several paintings depicting Kerala history. To understand Kerala, a visit to this museum is a must.

Palliport (Pallipuram) Fort: The first and the oldest surviving European fort in India, built by the Portuguese in 1503. It is situated in Pallipuram on Vypeen Island.

Hill Palace, Tripunithura: Built in the 19th century by the Raja of Kochi, this palace served as the seat of the Raja of the Kochi province. The palace has been converted into a museum displaying a fine collection of royal articles displaying the wealth and splendour of the Rajas of Kochi, including the throne and the crown. The museum also houses a large collection of archaeological findings. Hill Palace is located 16km east of Cochin in Tripunithura, a satellite town of Cochin.

Bolghatty Palace located on the Bolghatty Island: This Dutch palace is situated on Bolghatty Island is just a short boat ride away from the mainland. The palace has been converted to a hotel run by the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation (KTDC). The island has a tiny golf course and the panoramic views of the port and the harbor, makes it an attractive picnic spot. Frequent boat service is available from the mainland.

Dutch Palace (Mattancherry Palace), Mattancherry: The erroneously named Dutch Palace was originally built by the Portuguese. Later, in 17th century, the Dutch modified it and presented it to the Raja of Kochi thus usurping its ownership. Coronation of many Rajas of Kochi used to be held here. The palace has a fine collection of mural paintings depicting scenes from the Hindu epics Mahabharata and Ramayana. The palace is located in Mattancherry.

Jewish Synagogue and Jew Town, Mattancherry: The synagogue, built in 1568, is magnificently decorated by Chinese tiles and Belgian chandeliers. This is a small yet beautiful building. Giant scrolls of the Old Testament can be found here. It is located near the Dutch Palace in Mattancherry. The local markets nearby sell beautiful trinkets and the famous Kerala lock-Manichitrathazu.

Santa Cruz Basilica, Fort Kochi: The original church, situated in Fort Kochi, was built by the Portuguese in 1505 and named as a cathedral in 1558. The British colonists destroyed the cathedral in 1795. The current structure was built in 1905 and raised to the status of a basilica by Pope John Paul II in 1984.

St. Francis Church, Fort Kochi: It is the oldest church built by Europeans in India. On his 3rd visit to Kerala, Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese trader who reached India from Europe by sea, fell ill and died in Kochi. He was buried in this Church till his remains were taken back to Goa for burial on the way to his final resting place in Portugal. In spite of the removal, his burial spot inside the church has been clearly marked out.

© Sanjai Velayudhan.

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Hired to Care - What Character Traits to Look for in a Caregiver for the Elderly Or Disabled

Primary Care Providers - Hired to Care - What Character Traits to Look for in a Caregiver for the Elderly Or Disabled.
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Primary Care Providers! Again, for I know. Ready to share new things that are useful. You and your friends.

What do you do when you are a senior who is struggling with the day-to-day activities at home but no house member is available to help?
 
What do you do when your elderly parents insist on living in their home, but it is no longer safe for them to live alone?
 
What do you do when you are worn out by providing care to a disabled house member and you need some time to take care of yourself?
 
The write back to all of these is: you get help - you hire a professional caregiver. Caregivers come in a range of backgrounds, skills sets and credentials. Most caregivers are Cnas (Certified Nursing Assistants) or sitters who work for homecare agencies or in long-term care facilities (nursing homes). Some homecare agencies are approved to bill insurance providers, like Medicare, for all or a portion of the expense. Some agencies depend on population paying the total caregiving cost out-of-pocket (these agencies often payment a lower hourly rate than those that bill insurers).
 
Regardless of a caregiver's employer, training, or background, there are safe bet characteristics that a caregiver must possess to do this job well. Most hired caregivers do not administer injections or other healing treatments; they are not permitted to do so unless they are Lpns or Rns, which is ordinarily thought about nursing care rather than caregiving. Their professional credentials, therefore, do not play as vital a part in their effectiveness as their temperament.
 
One homecare group in Douglasville, Angels Touch Llc Home assistance Services, promotes compassion as the original capability a caregiver must demonstrate in order to work with their clients. The agency's owner, Mrs. Bakare, listed the top ten qualities that she demands in an employee, and that she assures all Angels Touch clients will advantage from with her caregivers. These top ten are listed here in the order of their importance.
 
1. Compassion

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Compassion is empathy in action. It is more than just feeling for person and sympathizing with their situation; it is a willingness to enlarge yourself to that person in order to help bring about a safe bet change. Sometimes that means simply retention someone's hand while she cries and talks. Sometimes it means sacrificing your own needs in order to serve person else's needs.

2. Integrity

Caregiving is a position of trust. population who hire caregivers are chance their homes and habits and lives to population who are ordinarily unknown to them. Therefore, a caregiver must demonstrate integrity toward her clients - respecting their feelings, their privacy, their needs and their property. There is no thorough compromise of this element; it is authentically vital for caregivers to have integrity. This is the foundation of professionalism.

3. Honesty

Honesty is integrity's companion, both are associated to trust. If a caregiver is dishonest with a client in any way, then she has damaged a association of trust. This can be very painful to person who is in need of help to administrate the day-to-day activities of life. They have enough to administrate already. If they have to be constantly on guard because they are not able to trust their caregivers, then this can have a persisting and damaging work on on the population who need assistance.

4. Reliability

Help is productive only when it is given at the time that it is needed. population who hire caregivers must be able to depend on that care in order to sound life-sustaining schedules and routines. Therefore, caregivers must be entirely dependable - showing up for work when scheduled, completing assigned tasks, maintaining vital paperwork, etc. When a caregiver is unreliable, it is disruptive and sometimes dangerous.

5. Patience

There are many elements that may be frustrating to population requiring care: persisting pain, medication affects, mobility challenges, transportation problems, loneliness, memory loss, depression and many others. It is vital for caregivers to be sick person with population who are receiving care. A good caregiver is able to put her own feelings and ego aside and focus on the welfare of her client, being as sick person as inherent with that person's moods and behavior. This does not mean that caregivers should stand for abuse; that is never advised. But caregivers can remind themselves that their clients are struggling with many things and it is difficult for them sometimes to control their feelings and their frustration.

6. Discretion

It is a caregiver's duty to respect and protect the privacy of his clients. Caregivers must refrain from giving unsolicited or personal advice, or commenting on issues that are not within the limits of the professional services. Also, caregivers must not tell facts about their clients of a personal nature to anyone who is not approved by the clients to receive that information. The irregularity to this would be a situation that could endanger the client. The caregiver would then edify person in authority that was relevant to the security and care of the client. Caregivers should never gossip to or about the client.

7. Dedication

It is imperative that a caregiver be dedicated to the population for whom she provides care. This dedication means a sense of diligence in the work as well as the willingness, when necessary, to do more than what is assigned. It is a commitment to do everything inherent to ensure the client's wellbeing, security and comfort. This may mean spending extra time to get the pillows just right behind his back; or preparation a meal that the client will enjoy and that also fulfills his nutritional needs; or willingly assisting him to the bathroom, no matter how many times he has to go. It means giving the kind of care that anyone would want to receive, even if it requires extra thought, extra energy, extra effort.

8. Loyalty

A true professional demonstrates loyalty to both her employer and to her clients. If the caregiver does not invest something of herself into these relationships, then she will not have a sense of loyalty. But loyalty is a capability that is universally desired and admired. The caregiver's clients and employers alike will have a greater sense of loyalty and appreciation for the caregiver if she demonstrates the same towards them. This makes a stronger and more fruitful relationship.

9. Courage

It is a titanic task to be responsible for the wellbeing of an additional one person. A caregiver must be able to cope daily life-sustaining tasks as well as accident situations. Cpr and First Aid training are required for all caregivers. But, it takes more than training to be able to deal with unforeseen occurrences or the daily strain on the caregiver's own body and mind caused by the demands of caregiving. It takes a strong will and determination that are fueled by courage.

10. Stability

Stability in a professional caregiver is extremely helpful in that it supports all the other characteristics listed above. A stable, fetch and mature caregiver is invaluable because she is less likely to have needs and demands that friction with those of her client. A stable caregiver is more likely to be dedicated, patient, honest, trustworthy, discreet, loyal, brave, reliable, and compassionate. For those who need a shoulder to lean on, stability makes all the difference.

These ten qualities are immeasurably vital in a professional caregiver. Though they may not be the most safe bet characteristics upon first introduction, they will appear over time and while the policy of service. If not, then the affects of their absence will be difficult to ignore.
 
So, who is taking care of Mom and Dad? whether you and other house members assume this responsibility or a professional caregiver takes this role, the capability of care your loved ones receive will be associated directly to the qualities that the caregivers possess. If they are population rich in these ten qualities, your write back is, "the best".

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Home and Respite Care for Elderly population

Primary Care Doctors - Home and Respite Care for Elderly population.
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Home and respite care for elderly population are two separate things, but each enables an elderly someone to live favorably in their own home. This record explains the differences between home care and respite care for the elderly and examines the benefits of each.

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Home Care for the Elderly

Home care for the elderly is carried out by home care workers in the elderly person's home. Home care workers support elderly population who want more aid than their family is able to provide personally.

The roles carried out by home care workers for the elderly can consist of housekeeping duties as well as personal care. Although the actual role of the carer varies from client to client they cover a broad range of services.

Home care workers often help out with housework such as doing their clients laundry and changing bed linens. They can also do food shopping, plan meals and cook. In increasing to this, they help with the personal side of care. They help their clients to bath, dress, and brush their hair as well as accompanying them to doctors' appointments and collecting prescriptions and pensions.

As well as providing household and personal care help, home care workers for the elderly also offer schooling and emotional support. They can offer guidance about diet and nutrition and talk to elderly population and discuss things that might be worrying them.

Respite Care for the Elderly

Respite care is someone else key aspect of caring for the elderly. Respite care is when an exterior care laborer takes over from the traditional caregiver for a sure period of time so that they can have a break from their everyday duties.

For example, if a daughter has traditional accountability for seeing after her elderly parent and needs a break, she can dispose for a care laborer to take over her duties for a specified period of time.

As such, respite care for the elderly is an invaluable source of help and support for traditional carers.

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