Primary Care Doctors - Structure, Function and Care of Human Skin
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Primary Care Doctors! Again, for I know. Ready to share new things that are useful. You and your friends.The human skin consists of two major structures:
What I said. It is not the final outcome that the real about Primary Care Doctors. You read this article for home elevators that wish to know is Primary Care Doctors.How is Structure, Function and Care of Human Skin
We had a good read. For the benefit of yourself. Be sure to read to the end. I want you to get good knowledge from Primary Care Doctors.* Epidermis
* Dermis
The Epidermis
The epidermis is additional subdivided into 5 Layers (from deepest to most superficial layer):
* Stratum basale
* Stratum spinosum
* Stratum granulosum
* Stratum lucidum
* Stratum corneum
The Stratum basale (also called Stratum germinativum): This is the deepest layer of the epidermis and it is here that new cells are generated for the renovation of the epidermal layers of the skin. A process of cell branch referred to as mitotic branch is responsible for the generation of the new epidermal skin cells. After the mitotic branch (cell branch prominent to the formation of a new cell) a newly formed cell will feel a progressive maturation called keratinisation as it migrates to the exterior of the skin (1).
The Stratum spinosum: The cells that divide in the stratum germinativum soon begin to secure many desmosomes (structures that join adjacent cells together) on their outer exterior (1).
The Stratum granulosum: As keratinocyes (these are the basic cell of which the epidermis is composed) progressively mature they secure a protein called keratin (this process is called keratinisation). In addition, the cells of the stratum granulosum secure dense basophilic keratohyalin granules (Granules found in living cells of keratinizing epithelia) (1).
The Stratum lucidum: This is the second layer of the epidermis and varies in thickness throughout the body depending generally on frictional forces and is thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (1).
The Stratum corneum: This layer consists of primarily dead skin cells. As a cell accumulates keratinohyalin granules, it is thought that rupture of lysosomal membranes (membrane exterior lysosomal enzymes) release lysosomal enzymes (Lysosomal enzymes are those enzymes which are responsible for breaking down complex chemicals within a cell which have expended their useful life) that finally cause cell death (5). The dead and dying cells filled with mature keratin form the stratum corneum .
Skin renovation Process In the Epidermis
The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium (cells) and contains four necessary types of cells. About 90% of the epidermal cells are keratinocytes (i.e.: cells with finger-like or 'horny' projections). They furnish the protein keratin. Keratin helps waterproof and protect the skin and underlying tissues (2).
Keratinocytes in the stratum basale of the epidermis can feel mitosis (cell division). The formation of new cells in this basal layer gradually pushes previously formed cells upward through the stratum spinosum. As keratinocytes arrival the exterior of the epidermis, they secure intracellular keratin and secrete a waxy material into the intercellular space; these changes are descriptive in the stratum granulosum, a distinctive layer which is diagnostic for a keratinized epithelium. As maturing keratinocytes seal off the intercellular spaces through which they receive nutrients, they finally die and form the stratum corneum, a tough and relatively impermeable layer of hardened, dead cells. Eventually, as cells reach the surface, they are sloughed off. The entire epidermis above the basal layer is replenished (replaced by new cells) within about two weeks (3).
Epidermal cells
There are any cells that make up the epidermis. Although the keratinocytes are by far the most common, they are just one of the cells found in the epidermis.
Others include:
Melanocytes: The main function of melanocytes is to furnish melanin, which is responsible for the colour of our skin (4).
Langerhans Cells arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Langerhans cells interact with white blood cells called ‘helper T cells’ in immune responses and are in effect damaged by Uv radiation (2).
Merkel Cells: Merkel cells are settled in the deepest layer (stratum basale) of the epidermis of hairless skin, where they are attached to keratinocytes by desmosomes. Merkel cells make experience with the flattened portion of the ending of a sensory neuron (nerve cell), called a tactile (Merkel) disc, and are thought to function in the sensation of touch (2).
Dermo-epidermal Junction
The epidermis and epidermis are separated by the Dermo-Epithelial Junction. This junction holds the epidermis and epidermis together and this is achieved by various fibers including collagen and desmosomes. This prevents the two layers becoming separated in areas of high shearing stress such as fingertips, palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
The Dermis
The epidermis consists of two sub-layers:
* The Papillary epidermis and
* The Reticular dermis
The Papillary epidermis (sub-epithelial layer) includes areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae (finger like projections that increase the exterior area) and ridges that expand into the epidermis.
These nipple-shaped structures protrude into the epidermis, and many include loops of capillaries (very small blood vessels). Dermal papillae cause ridges in the overlying epidermis. It is these ridges that leave fingerprints on objects that are handled (2).
The Reticular epidermis consists of dense, irregular connective tissue containing interlacing bundles of collagen and common elastic fibers. Within the reticular region, bundles of collagen fibers interlace in a netlike manner. A small quantity of adipose tissue, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, and the ducts of sweat glands occupy spaces between the fibers. Varying thicknesses of the reticular region conduce to differences in the thickness of skin. The mixture of collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular region provides the skin with strength, extensibility, and elasticity.
The Hypodermis
The reticular region is attached to underlying organs, such as bone and muscle, by the subcutaneous layer, also called the hypodermis or superficial fascia. The subcutaneous layer also contains nerve endings called lamellated or Pacinian (pa-Sin-e-an) corpuscles that are sensitive to pressure. Nerve endings sensitive to cold are found in and just below the dermis, while those sensitive to heat are settled in the middle and outer epidermis (2).
Skin Care of the Epidermis, Dermo-Epithelium, epidermis and Hypodermis
Exfoliation
Exfoliation of the skin affects the epidermis. The customary function of exfoliation is to:
a) take off dead skin cells
b) Promote new skin cell growth
c) Promote blood circulation
Exfoliating the skin's exterior is an prominent step in the maintenance of healthy, vibrant seeing skin. Products such as the Skin renovation Gel, from Wildcrafted Herbal Products, utilises natural ingredients that gradually take off the dead skin cells and nourish underlying layers. Retention dead skin cells to a minimum, allows the skin to be able to breath better, suck up nutrients from moisturisers more in effect and reduces the risk of infections such as Ring Worm and other pathogens.
In addition, discharge of dead skin cells will cut the potential for sweat glands to come to be blocked thus reducing white heads, blackheads and acne.
Cleansing
Following exfoliation, cleansing will take off more deep seated dirt and help free pores of potential obstruction from the stale, natural skin oils and environmental particles that come to be lodged in the skin's folds, wrinkles and pores.
Toning
Once the dead skin cells have been removed and the skin cleaned it is prominent to preclude pores from remaining open. Toning, utilises skin care products that include astringent ingredients which will close opened pores and preclude particles from entering the pores while they are wide open.
Natural skin care products should be used at all times, as there is expanding evidence suggesting that some non-natural skin care products include ingredients that may be harmful to your health, as they are absorbed by your skin into the blood stream.
Natural skin care products such as moisturisers and masks target the Dermo-epithelium, epidermis and Hypodermis.
Moisturisers
Moisturisers jab the epidermis as they are absorbed into the deeper layers of the skin and the nutrients from the herbal extracts and necessary oils in these moisturisers have the quality to promote cell increase and collagen production.
Moisturisers are an prominent final step in your daily skin care regime. They moisturise and help protect your skin, they hydrate your skin and nourish the cells and other structures outlined above, thus helping in maintaining the condition of your skin.
Clay masks
Once or twice a week, a deep cleansing mask should be used on your facial skin and neck. These masks not only help to deeply cleanse your skin, but supply prominent nutrients to the tissues of your skin and help to take off dead skin cells from your skin’s surface.
References:
1. [http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/medicine/dermatology/skinlsn/stspin.htm]
2. Tortora, G.J. & Grabowski, S.R. (1993) theory of Anatomy and Physiology (7th Edition). HarperCollins College Publisher, New York. [Isbn0-06-046702-9]
3. Http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/skin.htm
4. Medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/Lecture/Main/integ1.htm
5. [http://www.ggc.org/Diagnostics/Biochemical/lysosomal_enyzmes.htm]
6. [http://www.ggc.org/Diagnostics/Biochemical/lysosomal_enyzmes.htm]
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